He had a wonderful relationship with his commanding officer Nicholas M. Nolan. Nolan allowed Flipper to dine with the other officers and took a stand for Flipper that he be treated the same as all of the other officers.

After Nolan was reassigned, William Rufus Shafter was assigned to be Flipper’s commanding officer. While no direct proof exists, it is believed that Shafter set up Flipper for an embezzlement charge. While Flipper beat the rap at trial, he lost on the lesser charge of conduct unbecoming an officer. He was thrown out of the army because of this conviction. He appealed to then President Chester A. Arthur to reinstate his commission on the grounds that his sentence was too harsh for his conviction and that similarly situated white officers were not discharged from the army for the same conviction. Arthur denied Flipper’s request for a pardon.

In the 1970s, prominent lawyers in the United States decided that Flipper deserved to be pardon for this nonsense and that our nation should undo the past wrongs of clear racism and bigotry. As lawyers do, they lobbied and applied for a pardon.

Eventually, Clinton granted Flipper a full pardon on all the charges. Due to Burdick v. United States, 236 U.S. 79 (1915), and the holding that a pardon is not a pardon unless the pardonee accepts the pardon, people argue that the Flipper is invalid because he had been dead for 59 years when Clinton pardoned him in 1999. No group to this point has challenged the pardon, and since the federal constitution gives the President of the United States the authority to pardon, it would seem like Clinton overruled Burdick in Flipper’s case. Seems like Clinton got one right. Time will tell.

Henry Flipper, first African American graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point.

By 1794, south of Pittsburgh, the first shots were fired. Washington lead the federal troupes to the area and quelled the rebellion. Two men were arrested; Philip Vigol was convicted of treason and sentenced to death by hanging. Washington pardoned Vigol and the other man because one was a simpleton and the other insane. United States v. Vigol, 29 Fed. Cas. 376 (No. 16621) (C.C.D. Pa. 1795).

This pardon is noteworthy because it has many built in trivia questions. Washington is the only president in our nations history to lead the troupes in battle while sitting as president. After the passing of the federal constitution, the Whiskey Rebellion is the first time where the federal government asserted its power with actual force. When the taxed was passed by congress, Tennessee and Kentucky were not states, thereby not taxed. Many high quality, small batch distillers moved (where did they move?). Who is Tom the Tinker?

Washington at Fort Cumberland, MD, going to quash the Whiskey Rebellion, Metropolitan Museum of Art.